Darwin's Metaphor:
Nature's Place in Victorian Cultureby
Robert M. Young
[ Introduction | Preface | Chapter: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Notes | Bibliography | Index ]
Index
333
acquired characteristics, inheritance of (see also Lamarck, J-B.; Lysenko-Michurin theory of inheritance), 49-50, 51, 53, 75, 115, 116, 117, 118, 198, 264 n116.1 adaptation, 70
Adler, Sol, 260 n86. 1
Adorno, T., 213
agnosticism, 5, 148, 161
Albert, Prince, 4
Alford, H., 153
Althusser, L., 213, 217, 237, 279-80 n213.1, 283 n237.1
America, 212
analogy, 3, 44, 85, 97
analogy between artificial and natural selection, 44, 72, 73, 74, 79-125
Anderson, Perry, 165, 233-7, 283 n237.1
Anthropological Society of London, 66 anthropology, 75, 158, 165, 185, 214, 243
anthropology, physical, 66
anthropomorphism, 77, 79-125, 261 n97.1
Ardrey, Robert, 188
Argyll, Duke of, 106, 112, 124, 151, 153, 199
Aristotelian Society, 159
associationism, 2, 3, 50, 61, 63, 64, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 133, 240
atheisrn, 7, 12, 107
Austin, J. L., 173
Austria, 213
Aveling, Edward, 20
Avineri, S., 244
Babbage, Charles, 14, 148, 263 n104.2
Bacon, Sir Francis, 12, 13, 235
Bagehot, Walter, 18, 76, 150, 153, 185, 192, 251 n24.2
Bain, Alexander, 61, 64, 69, 132, 158, 159, 270 n158.2
Balfour, A. J., 151
Balibar, E., 213
base-superstructure model, 165, 166, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 214-5, 218, 219, 242, 245
Becker, B. H., 157
Beckwith, Johnathan, xi
Beer, G., 124-5
Benjamin, W, 213
Bentham, Jeremy, 3, 49, 192
Berkeley protests, 230
Berkeley, George, 76
Bernal, J. D., 173, 203, 212, 231, 232, 278 n204.1, 280 n217.1
Bessant, Annie, 20
Best, Geoffrey, 274-5 n186.2
Bible (see also Book of God's Word; Genesis), 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 64, 130, 141, 147
Biblical criticism, 68, 133
biotechnology, xi, xii, xiii, 246, 247
Blake, R. M., 172
blending inheritance, 113, 114, 115
Boas, M. B., 172
Blackwood's Magazine, 193
Book of God's Word (see also Bible; Genesis), 11, 139
Book of God's Works (see also nature), 11, 12, 127, 139
Boucher de Perthes, 67, 68
Bowler, Peter, 163, 252 n25.2
Bradlaugh, Charles, 20
brain, 4, 9, 10, 48, 61, 62, 147, 246
Brain, 159, 160
Braithwaite, R., 172
Bray, Charles, 133, 193, 196
Bridgewater Treatises, 2, 10, 97, 128, 132, 137, 140, 148, 159, 169, 189, 195
Britain, 61
British Association, 6, 7, 8, 11, 62, 67, 68, 111, 137, 155, 235
British Critic, 138
.
334
British Society for Social Responsibility in Science, xi, 282 n233.2
Brixham Cave, 67
Brooke, John, 162
Brown, A. W., 152
Brown, Thomas, 38, 61, 134, 158
Buchdahl, Gerd, 163, 171, 172, 175
Buckland, William, 6, 11, 13, 67, 132, 135, 140, 149, 169, 198, 275-6 n189.2
Budd, Susan, 131, 176
Burrow, J. W, 17, 49, 135, 185
Burtt, E. A., 163, 173, 243
Butler, Bishop, 10
Butler, Samuel, 264 n 119.1
Butterfield, H., 171, 172, 173
Bynum, W F., 163
Calvinism, 32
Cambridge Apostles, 151
Cambridge History Faculty, 174, 176, 272 n170.1
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 226
Cambridge Philosophical Society, 137
Cambridge, University of, 6, 165, 171-9
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, 212
Cannon, Walter (Faye), 163, 182, 250 n11.1, 257 n68.2
Canterbury, Archbishop of, 15, 32, 149
capitalism, 19, 188, 189, 215, 225, 230
Carpenter, William, 50, 62, 63, 106, 150, 153, 169, 198
Carr, E. H., 177
Cassell's Magazine, 154
catastrophism, 3, 10, 66, 84, 104, 136, 138, 145, 146, 182
Cattell, J. M., 159
cause (seealso vera causa), 76, 264 n113.1
cerebral localization, 61, 62, 64, 126
Chadwick,O ., 250 n11.2, 265 n130.3
Chalmers, Thomas, 24, 32-9, 54, 149,
159, 187, 188, 198
Chambers, Robert, 3, 4, 5, 11, 13, 14, 72, 79, 82, 89, 90, 91, 132, 133, 138, 141, 183, 196, 197, 223. 240, 258 n74.2 Vestiges of Creation, 3, 4, 7, 44, 46, 62, 74, 88, 89, 90, 120, 124, 131, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 162, 169, 183, 184, 194, 195, 200
chance, 112
Chevenix, Richard, 63
Christianity, I, 5, 9, 21
civilization, xii-xiii
class, 188, 193, 239, 246
classification, 58
Clifford, W K., 151
Cockburn, William, 6, 7, 9, 11
Coleman, William, 182
Colenso, Bishop, 185
Collins, Philip, 177
colonialism, 191
Combe, George (see also Gall, F. J.; phrenology; Spurzheim, J. C.), 4, 44, 63, 64, 74, 132, 133, 147, 149, 150, 193, 196, 270 n158.2
common context, xiii, 24, 126-63
communication and control, xiii
comparative anatomy, 63, 66
competition, 19
Comte, A. (see also positivism), 191
Condillac, E. B., 61 71, 75
Condorcet, Marquis de, 2, 17, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32, 39, 51, 54, 71, 72
conflict between religion and science, 12, 21, 22, 127
consciousness, 113
conservation of energy, 76
conservatism, xiii
constitutive factors, 80, 241
Contemporary Review, 120, 153, 154
contextual factors, 80, 168, 175, 176, 225, 241, 246
Cooter, Roger, 163, 258 n74.2, 270 n158.2
continuity of nature (see also Natura non facit saltum; naturalism; uniformity of nature), 10, 62, 38, 262 n98.2
Cornhill, 153, 154
Coupland, W C., 157
Cowper, William, 7
Creator, grander view of, 8, 10, 14, 263 n104.2
Crick, F., 53, 54
Crombie, A. C., 171, 172
Crowther, J. D., 203-4, 231-2, 278 n204.1
"Crucible: Science in Society," xii culture, xii, xiii, xv, 57, 125
Cuvier, G., 66, 83, 145
cybernetics, xiii, 240
Czechoslovakia, invasion of, 212,
Darlington, C. D., 188
Darwin, Charles R., xiii, xiv, 1, 14, 15, 24, 54, 79, 132, 133, 135, 144, 148, 150, 151, 159, 169, 187, 198, 199, 200, 201, 220, 223, 234, 240, 255 n48.2, 263 n109.2, 275 n189.1, 277 n200.2, 277 n200.3
Autobiography, 40, 109
Descent of Man, 44, 58, 59, 63, 64, 97-8, 102, 117, 120, 131
"Essay of 1844," 41, 88
Expression of the Emotions, 58, 59
Journal of Researches, 44
Life and Letters of Darwin, xiv, 67, 121
Natural Selection, 87, 92
335
Notebooks, 1, 42-3, 58, 72, 82, 179, 223 Origin of Species, 4, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 20, 31, 40, 58, 59, 68, 79, 82, 87, 89, 93, 101, 104, 106, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 131, 134, 146, 183, 222-3 and PaleY, 30, 39
"Sketch of 1842," 41, 87-8
on theism, 21, 102-3, 106, 107-9, 112
Variation . . . under Domestication, 40, 59, 109, 113
voyage of the Beagle, 1, 82
Darwin, Erasmus, 2, 70, 79, 82, 113
Darwinian debate, 1, 40, 235
Darwinism, xiii, 1, 21, 79, 185, 237, 284 n242.3
Dawkins, W B., 120
de Beer, Sir Gavin, 179, 180, 181, 224, 254 n42.1, 274 n183.2
De Niro, Robert, ix
Dell, J. H., 251 n20.1
demarcationism, 165, 219
Descartes, René, 69, 76, 81, 148, 172
design, 109, 110, 112, 121
determinism, 60
Dewey, John, 76
dialectic, 166, 241
dialectical materialism, 53
Dickens, Charles, 38
Dickinson, Emily, ix
Dictionary of National Biography, 153
Dijksterhuis, E. J., 172
direct action of the environment, 116
Disraeli, B., 123-4
division of labor, xiii, 50, 51, 190, 191, 200, 216, 237, 240, 276 n198.1, 283 n240.1
domestication, 26, 31, 40, 41, 44, 58, 83, 85, 86, 99
Douglas, Mary, 165, 244, 285 n244.2
Draper, John William, 144, 185, 249 n7.2, 267 n144.1
Dublin Review, 153
Ducasse, C. J., 172
Dunn, John M., 163, 175, 176, 251-2 n24.2, 273 n176.2
Durant, John, 163
Dutschke, Rudi, 283 n236.2
Earth, 9
economics, xiii, 173, 179, 182, 209, 215, 225
The Economist, 153
Eddington, A., 157
Edinburgh, xi
Edinburgh Review, 6, 26, 61, 63, 120, 128, 142, 154, 158, 170, 192
education, 75, 118
Eiseley, Loren, 182
Eisen, S., 268 n147.2, 269 n156.3
Eliot, George, 50, 124, 125, 133, 136, 185, 193-4, 196, 266 n133.2
Ellegard, A., 121, 131, 235, 261 n97.1
embryo, 70
empiricism, 97, 133
Encyclopedia Britannica, 54
Engels, Frederick, 20, 52-4, 189, 196-7, 201, 207, 209-11, 216, 237, 275 n189.1, 277 n200.2, 277 n200.3 epistemology, 69, 222, 240
Essays and Reviews, 4, 8, 11, 15, 146, 148, 169, 185
ethics, 51, 69, 75, 118
Everett, E. N., 133, 192
evolution, 1, 5, 8, 9, 13, 44, 48, 57, 70
"externalists," in history of science, x, 23, 165, 174, 175, 192, 219, 222, 223, 224, 228, 230, 231, 245 extinction, 3, 31, 44, 84
eye, 115-6, 264 n116.1
faculties, 93
Farrar, Dean, 15
Ferrier, David, 63, 64, 159
fetishism of commodities, 217
Feuerbach, L., 241
Feyerabend, P., 281 n222.2
Figlio, K., x, 273 n174.2, 278-9 n213.1
final cause, 101
Flood, Mosaic, 6, 9, 10
Forbes, Duncan, 176
force, 76, 77, 264 n113.1
Foreign Quarterly Review, 63, 158
Fortnightly Review, 120, 133, 136, 153, 154, 192
Foucault, M., 178, 213
fragmentation, xiii
Fraser, A. C., 153
Fraser's Magazine, 153
Free Association Books, xii
free will, 8, 9, 62, 108, 126
French Revolution, 25-6, 188
Freud, Sigmund, 26, 76
Fritsch, G., 64
Froude, J. A., 150, 153, 160
functionalism, xiii, 75, 76, 206-7, 229, 230, 240, 243, 281 n229.1
Fyfe, J., 52
Galapagos Islands, 41, 82, 86
Galilei, Galileo, 81, 139, 220
Gall, F. J. (see also phrenology), 63, 75, 133, 196, 258 n74.2, 266 n133.2
Garaudy, R., 213, 280 n218.2
Gay, John, 70
336
Geison, G. L., 113
Genesis (see also Bible), xvii-xx, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 148, 246-7
genetic engineering, xiii, 120, 247
genetics, 53
geographical distribution, 82
Geological Society of London, 6, 7, 11, 130, 137
geology, 3, 5, 9, 13, 14, 58, 61, 92, 126, 130, 136, 141, 147, 169, 179, 223
George, Henry, 48, 256 n53.1
German historical scholarship, 3, 6
Germany, 20, 61, 212
Gillespie, C. C., 130, 172, 182, 225, 265 n130.3
Gladstone, William, 150, 153, 160, 192.
God (see also Creator, grander view of), 7, 8, 13, 27, 72, 90, 99, 101, 104, 107, 110, 112., 121, 122, 126, 143, 148, 152, 169, 246
Godwin, William, 2, 17, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32, 39, 51, 54, 72
Goldmann, Lucien, 213-15, 242, 244
Gombrich, E. H., 176, 177
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, 173
Gordon, John, 158
gossip, xiv
Graham, W, 111-2, 157, 199
Gramsci, Antonio, 213, 243
Grant, Alexander, 120
Gray, Asa, 92, 105, 107-9, 111, 114, 116
Great Chain of Being, 62
Greene, John C., 183
Gruber, Howard, 82, 224
Guest, David, 278 n204.1
Haber, S., 182
Habermas, Jürgen, xi, 213, 220
Haeckel, Ernst, 199
Haight, G. S., 133
Hall, A. R,, 165, 171, 172, 205, 219, 229-32
Hanson, N. R., 171, 172
harmony, 24, 25
Harris, Nigel, 218
Harrison, Frederic, 150, 153, 159
Harrison, J. E C., 274-5 n 186.2
Hart, Jenifer, 132
Hartley, David, 2, 61, 69-71, 72, 158
Harvey, William, 81
Hazlitt, William, 25, 26
Hegel, G. W F, 211, 220, 231
Henderson, L. J., 226
Hennell, C., 193
Herbert, Sandra, 182, 200
Herschel, Sir John, 14, 82, 84, 89, 105, 106, 108, 156, 195
Hesse, Mary B., 171, 172, 175, 272 n172.1
Hessen, Boris, 201, 203, 277 n203.1, 281 n227.2
Heyl, Barbara, 229
Hill, Christopher, 176, 177
Hillis-Miller, J., 133
historiography, xv, 56, 164-247, 251-2 n24.2, 277 n203.1
history and philosophy of science, xi, xiii, 129, 165, 171-9
history of embryology, 164
history of ideas, xii, 79, 128, 165, 166, 174, 176
history of psychology, 56-78
history of science, 23, 24, 55, 56, 79, 80, 208
Hitzig, E., 64
Hobbes, Thomas, 176
Hobhouse, L. T., 159
Hobsbawm, Eric, 177, 186, 206-8, 238
Hodge, M. J. S., 251 n24.2
Hodgson, Shadworth, 159
Hofstadter, R., 52
Holland, Henry, 66
Holmes, Fr. D., 250 n8.2
Hooker, J. D., 86, 104, 116
Hooykaas, R., 85, 182
Horkheimer, Max, 213
Horton, Robin, 165, 244
Hoskin, M. A., 171
Houghton, W E., 131, 133, 134, 256 n63.3, 272 n170.1
human nature, xii, 78, 90, 216
Humboldt, W. von, 50
Hume, David, 61, 69, 77
Hungary, 212, 234
Hutton, R. H., 144, 150, 151, 152, 153
Huxley, Thomas H., 4, 7, 8, 9, 12, 15, 59, 62, 63, 66, 89, 111, 114, 115, 120, 132,, 135, 136, 137, 143, 144, 145, 148, 150, 152, 153, 156, 158, 159, 160, 169, 183, 192, 195, 234-5, 267 n144.1
ldéologues, 75
ideology, xii, xiii, 56, 78, 79, 110, 164, 166, 173, 191, 192, 211, 212, 225, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 236, 240, 244, 246
imperialism, 18, 191
Indiana, University of, 230
induction, 76
industrialization, 189, 191
information theory, xiii
instinct, 58, 59
intelligentsia, 1, 12
"internalists," in history of science, 23, 60, 122, 126, 128, 165, 167, 177, 179, 181,
.
337
192, 219, 222, 223, 224, 228, 230, 231, 245
International Congress of the History of Science and Technology, 164-5, 173, 202-4
International Scientific Series, 144, 157, 269 n156.3, 269 n157.1
inutility of incipient structures, 114, 118
Jackson, John Hughlings, 64, 76, 223
James, William, 159
Japan, 212
Jeffrey, Francis, 158
Jenkin, Fleeming, 114, 115
Jesus Christ, 8, 9
Johnson, Paul, 277 n20I.2
Jones, Gareth Stedman, 284-5 n234.1
Joravsky, D., 278 n212.2
Jordanova, L., x, 273 n174.2
Kant, I., 90, 138, 172
Kellner, Douglas, 279 n213.1
Kepler, J., 81
King, M. D., 228-9
King's College, Cambridge, 175, 177
Kingsley, Charles, 106, 113
Kirby, William, 149
Kitchel, A. T., 133
Knoepflmacher, U. C., 133
Knorr-Cetina, Karin, xi
Knowles, J., 151, 152, 153, 154, 160
Kohn, David, x, xi, 163, 253 n31.1, 260 n86.1
Koyré, A., 173, 205
Kuhn, Thomas S., xi, 165, 172, 219, 221-6, 229, 233, 281 n222.2; see also paradigms
labor process, xii
Lakatos, Imré, xi, 165, 219-21, 225, 229, 233
Lamarck, J-B., 46, 50, 71, 82, 84, 86, 90, 96, 223, 257 n71-3; see also acquired characteristics, inheritance of land nationalization, 184
Laslett, Peter, 176
Laycock, Thomas, 62
The Leader, 133
Leeds, 175
Lefebvrc, H., 244
Leibniz, G. W, 96
Lenin, V I., 217
Lévi-Strauss, C., 213
Lewes, G. H., 50, 53, 61, 62, 75, 79, 89, 106, 115, 120-1, 124, 125, 133, 159, 169, 183, 185, 193, 198, 223
Lieb, Irwin C., 163
Lilley, S., 230
Linnean Society, 47
literacy, 154
literary and philosophical societies, 132
Locke, John, 6, 61, 69, 138, 158, 176
London, Bishop of, 32
Lovejoy, A. O., 163, 173
Lubbock, Sir John, 68, 132, 151
Lukács, Georg, 163, 165, 213, 215, 226, 242, 243, 244, 283-4 n242.2, 284 n242.2, 284-5 n243.1
Luxemberg, Rosa, 213
Lyell, Charles, 5, 11, 14, 15, 16, 24, 31, 47, 50, 65, 68, 82, 90, 95, 99, 106, 108, 110, 122, 132, 133, 135, 148, 156, 169, 182, 198, 199, 200, 201, 220, 223, 253 n31.1, 262 n98.2, 262 n 103.1
Antiquity of Man, 68, 103, 109, 120, 145
Principles of GeoIogy, 3, 4, 43, 44, 47, 50, 67, 82, 84, 91, 101, 113, 138, 144
Lysenko-Michurin theory of inheritance, 24, 53, 212, 256 n54.1
McGuire,J. E., 175
Macmillan's Magazine, 153, 154
McNeil, Maureen, 163
Madden, E. H., 172
Malay Archipelago, 45
Malthus, Thomas R. (see also population pressure; wedges), xiii, 17, 23-55, 74, 82, 86, 111, 126, 132, 169, 180, 181, 185, 191, 192, 194, 216, 222, 223, 237, 240, 246, 253 n30.1, 256 n53.1, 277 n200.2, 284 n242.3
and Chalmers, 31-9
and Darwin, 39-44
Essay on Population, 2, 31, 38, 40, 44, 45-6, 60, 85, 187
Malthusian law, arithmetical and geometrical ratios, 2, 24, 28, 29, 31, 34, 39, 41, 44, 73, 187, 198 and Marx and Engels, 52-4
and Paley, 27-31
and Spencer, 48-52
and Wallace, 44-8
man, 3, 101-2, 113, 120, 122, 126, 141, 142, 143, 167, 169, 210, 224, 241, 246, 262 n103.1
Man, 158, 160
"man's place in nature," 1, 4, 44, 54, 65, 66, 67, 77, 126, 129, 130, 164-247.
Mandelbaum, M., 262 n98.1
Mannheim, Karl, 173, 226, 227
Manning, Cardinal, 150, 192
Manuel, Frank, 201
Marcuse, Herbert, xi, 163, 213, 216, 220, 228, 243, 280 n216.2
338
Martineau, J., 151, 153
Marx, Eleanor, 20
Marx, Karl, 20, 52-4, 173, 189, 201, 208, 209, 216, 220, 226, 230, 237, 239, 242, 243, 275 n189.1, 277 n200.2
Capital, 79, 217
Marxism, 21, 24, 164-247, 277 n203.1
Marxism, vulgar, 165, 202, 207, 212, 216, 217, 218, 232-3, 281 n227.2
Mason, S. F., 273 n172.3
Mason, Tim, 176
materialism, 15, 71, 147, 152
Maurice, F. D., 151, 192
May Day Manifesto, 213
Mayr, E., 260 n86.1
Mechanics' Institute, 63, 132, 135, 185
mechanism (for evolution), 80, 91, 98, 113, 121, 194
mediation, 166, 199, 201, 205, 208, 230, 244, 245
medicine, 156
Meek, Ronald, 52
Merton, R. K., 165, 173, 219, 226-9, 230, 233, 281 n227.2, 281 n229.1, 282 n231.1
mesmerism, 68, 220
Mészáros, I., 244
metaphor (see also natural selection), 79-125
Metaphysical Society, 121, 150-55, 161, 185, 192
metaphysics, 10, 59, 81, 85, 89, 98, 152, 158
Meyerson, I., 205
microelectronics, xi
Mill, James, 3, 61, 71, 158
Mill, J. S., 3, 50, 61, 71, 75, 76, 111, 137, 150, 158
Millhauser, M., 132, 156, 183
Mills, C. Wright, 213
mind, 4, 9, 10, 11, 57, 59, 117, 120, 126, 142, 147, 246
Mind, 65, 157, 158-9, 160
mind-body dualism, 71, 76, 77
miracle, 3, 9, 91, 127, 148
Mivart, St. G. J., 114, 120, 121, 151, 153, 169, 198, 263 n109.1
Modern Quarterly, 52, 53
molecular biology, xiii
Montreal, 155
Moore, G. E., 159
Moore, James R., 163, 250 n15.1
moral restraint (see also Chalmers, Thomas; Malthus, Thomas Robert), 31, 32, 35, 39, 41, 43, 47, 54, 73
Morley, John, 136, 153
Morris, Desmond, 188
Mozley,J. B., 110, 121
Mulford, J., x, 283 n236.2
Mulkay, Michael, xi
Murray, J., 95
muscle sense, 76
Nairn, Tom, 234
NATO, 230
National Review, 153
Natura non tacit saltum (see also continuity of nature; naturalism; uniformity of nature), 92, 94-5
natural history, 18, 32
natural law, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 13, 14, 57, 61, 94, 101, 107, 110, 119, 122, 142, 187, 240; see also naturalism
natural selection (see also survival of the fittest), 2, 5, 11, 18, 19, 20, 25, 31, 40, 58-9, 74, 79-125, 180, 187, 198, 246
natural theology, 2, 10, 11, 12, 21, 22, 24, 29, 31, 35, 36, 97, 105, 106, 107, 111, 120, 126-63, 187, 188, 240, 250 n11.1, 263 n104.2
naturalism (see also continuity of nature;
Natura non facit sultum; natural law; uniformity of nature), 1, 2, 4, 8, 22, 68, 77, 79, 90, 122, 186, 189, 216
naturalism, narrative, xv
nature (see also Book of God's Works), xii, 12, 57, 78, 122, 126, 156, 169, 210, 241, 246
Nature, 155, 156, 160
Needham, Joseph, 164, 173, 176, 177, 202-3, 212, 231, 277 n203.1
neo-Darwinism, xiii, 81
nervous system, 9, 50, 60, 61, 133, 223
neurophysiology, 63, 64, 126, 168
New Left, 165, 212, 217, 218, 219, 233, 278-9 n213.1
New Left Review, 233, 279-80 n213.1
Newman, John Henry, 9
Newton, Sir Isaac, xii, 15, 43, 61, 70, 81, 96, 107, 111, 119, 187, 187, 201, 203, 204,220,240
The Nineteenth Century, 133, 151, 153, 154, 155, 159-60
Nobel Prize, 120
nominalism, 97, 136
nonscientific influences, 79, 167
Nordenskiö1d, E., 119
Norman, Edward, 132
North British Review, 114, 153
objectivity, 215, 216, 236
Oedipus, 247
Ollman, B., 244
operational research, 240
Optimism, 27
339
origin of species, 46, 47
Owen, Richard, 9, 62, 66, 223, 263 n106.2
Owen, Robert, 68, 74, 185, 258 n74.2
Oxford, 6, 7, 140, 146, 175, 176, 235
Pagel, Waiter, 176
Paine, Thomas, 34, 132
paleontology, 58, 66, 223
Paley, William, 10, 24, 26, 27-31, 54, 97, 98, 103, 111, 113, 115, 132, 169, 187, 189-91, 192, 194, 196, 240
Natural Theology, 2, 32, 97, 128
Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy, 30
Pall Mall Gazette, 153
Pangenesis, 113, 114, 116, 264 n116.1
papal infallibility, 151
paradigms (see also Kuhn, Thomas S.), 168, 219, 221, 263 n106.2
Pareto, W, 226
Pattison, M., 15I, 153
Pavlov, I. P., 53
peacock's tail, 116
Peel, John, 185
perfectibility, 26, 31
phenomenalism, 76, 77, 97, 136
Philosophic Radicals (see also Utilitarianism), 3, 69, 185, 277 n199.1
philosophy of nature, 60, 76, 77, 97, 133-4, 150, 175, 224, 261 n97.1
phrenology (see also Combe, George; Gall,
F. J.; Spurzheim, J. C.), 4, 6, 44, 49, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 74, 75, 132, 133, 158, 185, 196, 198, 220, 258 n74.2
Physiological Society, 159
physiology, 69, 77, 159, 167, 191, 240
Pilgrim's Progress, 64
Pitt, William, 29
Pittsburgh, 175
pleasure-pain theory, 72, 73
political economy, 33, 36, 39
politics, xiii, 118
Pope, Alexander, 252 n29.1
Popper, Sir Karl, xi, 172, 220, 225
popularization, 156, 159-60, 161, 269 n156.3
population pressure, 41, 43, 85-6; see also
Malthus, Thomas R.
Porter, Roy, 163, 182, 276 n191.2, 276 n197.2
positivism (see also Comte, A.), 16, 68, 97, 122, 133, 136, 148, 159, 168, 172, 185, 187, 193, 201, 206, 217, 250-1 n16.1, 263 n108.1, 267 n144.1, 269 n156.3, 273 n172.2, 283 n240.1
Poulantzas, N., 282 n234.1
poverty, 2, 19, 33, 188
Powell, Baden, 4, 11, 13, 80-1, 82, 90, 92, 132, 135, 136, 146-50, 162, 169, 198, 250 n11.2
powers, 94, 96
pragmatism, 240
praxis, 164, 233, 241
Priestley, Joseph, 71, 220
professionalization, 128, 156, 157, 160
progress, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 48, 50, 51, 54, 69, 73, 75, 110, 185, 187, 188, 195-6, 198, 240
Progressive Era, xiii
properties, biological, 93
Protestant ethic, 228
psychiatry, 168
psychoanalysis, 201, 240
psychology, 17, 21, 51, 56-78, 126, 158-9, 167
psychology, comparative, 58, 59
Puritanism, 227-8, 230
Quarterly Review, 11, 12, 26, 34, 61, 66, 109, 113, 120, 121, 128, 138, 151, 154, 192
radical historiography, 164-5, 222
Radical Science Journal, xii, xvi, 271 n165.1
Rattansi, P. M., 175, 177
Ravetz, Jerome, 175, 178
Ray, John, 10, 149
reflex, 62
reification, 215, 216, 218, 240, 242, 246
relativism, xi, 168, 175, 221, 225, 246
resolution of forces, 171
responsibility, 9
Richards, Eveleen, 163
robber barons, 18
Robertson, G. C., 65, 151, 159
Romanes, G. J., 58, 59, 118, 159
Rorty, Richard, 163
Rose, Steven, xi
Roszak, Theodore, xi
Rousseau, J. J ., 51
Royal Society of London, 6, 32, 63, 67
Rudwick, M. J. S., 182, 199, 277 n199.1
Rugby School, 15
Ruskin College, Oxford, 176
Ruskin, J., 151, 153, 192
Russell, Bertrand, 159
Ryle, G., 173
St. Simon, C. H. de, 191
Samuel, Raphael, 176
Sartre, J. P., 213
Schmidt, A., 213, 244, 284 n243.1
scholarship, Darwinian, x, 22
Schroyer, T., 280 n216.2.
340
Schweber, Silvan, xi
scientific management, 240
scientific revolution, 61, 71, 167
Scottish Enlightenment, 66, 176, 185
Scottish School, 77
scriptural geologists, 13, 156, 13
Scrope, G. P., 34, 35
secularism, 12,131, 160, 176
Sedgwick, Adam, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13, 99, 101, 132, 135, 149, 156, 169, 198
Seeley, J. R., 151
sexual selection, 117
Sidgwick, H., 151
Signer, Ethan, xi
Skinner, Q. R. D., 175, 176, 251-2 n24.2, 253-4 n48.1, 273 n176.2
Smith, Adam, 48, 72, 185, 188, 191, 211, 216, 240
Smith, Kenneth, 26, 188
Smith, Roger, 76, 77, 163
Smith, Sydney, 163, 179, 224
Social Darwinism, 18, 52, 75, 188, 240
Social Impact of Modern Biology Conference, xi
social intellectual history, 170, 179
social relations, xii, xiv, 174-5
socialism, xii, 20, 48, 68, 74, 184, 185, 198, 212, 217, 257 n71.2, 258 n74.2
society, xii, 78, 169, 179, 216, 224, 246
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 185
sociology, 51, 75, 168, 185
sociology of knowledge, 186, 226, 227
sociology of science, 219, 222, 226-9
Sohn Rethel, A., 165, 245
Somme Valley, 67
South America, 82, 86
spare-part surgery, xi
The Spectator, 153, 161
Spencer, Herbert, 4, 14, 16, 18, 24, 43, 53, 59, 61, 64, 72, 74, 79, 91, 118, 119, 132, 133, 135, 136, 150, 152, 169, 183, 184, 187, 197, 200, 223, 240, 251 n16.2, 255 n50.1;
see also division of labor homogeneity to heterogeneity, 50, 51
and Malthus, 48-52
Principles of Psychology, 50, 75, 270 n158.2
spinal cord, 62
spiritualism, 114, 184, 198, 220
Spurzheim, J. C., (see also Gall, F. J.), 63, 133, 196, 258 n74.2, 270 n158.2
Stalin, J., 217, 218, 220, 280 n218.1
stamp duty, 154
Stanley, A. P., 15, 150, 151, 153
Stephen, J. F., 151
Stephen. Leslie, 150, 153, 192
Stocking, George, 178
Stoppard, Tom, 277 n201.2
Strawson, P. F., 173
structuralism, 213
struggle, 45, 48, 50, 72, 187, 242
struggle for existence, 43, 44, 84, 93, 115
Sully, J., 151
superfecundity, 27
survival of the fittest (see also natural selection), 3, 19, 25, 40, 45, 46, 49, 51, 101, 236, 262 n101.1
Sutherland, Gillian, 176
Synthetic Society, 160
systems theory, xiii, 229, 240
Taylor, Frederick W (Taylorism), xi
technocracy, xiii
Teich, M., 178
teleology, 111
Temple, Frederick, 15, 148
Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 151, 152, 153, 160, 192
Thackeray, W M., 4
Thackray, Arnold, 275 n186.2, 282 n231.1
theodicy, 10, 31, 149, 190, 192, 195
theology, 4, 5, 78, 125, 169, 182
Thompson, E. P., 165, 177, 186, 218, 233-7
Thompson, Sir William (Lord Kelvin), 114
The Times (London), 115
totality, 129, 208, 215, 236, 244, 245, 285 n246.1
"Tract 90," 6
Trevor-Roper, H., 176, 177
Trinity College, Cambridge, 137, 146
Tylor, E. B., 132
Tyndall, John, 4, 12, 14, 111, 132, 136, 137, 144, 150, 153, 156, 160, 169,192, 261 n95.2, 267 n144.1
"Belfast Address," 15, 98, 143, 158, 257 n65.2
uniformitarianism, 3, 11, 16, 64, 65, 66, 83, 91, 101, 135, 138, 143, 145, 146, 148, 182
uniformity of nature (see also continuity of nature; Natura non facit saltum; naturalism), 4, 11, 13, 17, 82, 83, 84, 89, 90, 91, 94, 98, 99, 102, 104, 105, 110, 111, 120, 121, 122, 126, 135, 136, 149, 152, 191
Unitarianism, 71
University College, London, 175
U.S.S.R., 53, 54, 164, 202-4, 212, 217
U. S. S. R. Academy of Sciences, 53
utility, principle of, 48, 97, 111, 113, 152, 215, 261-2 n97.2
341
utilitarianism (see also Philosophic Radicals), 3, 4, 6, 66, 68, 69, 72, 74, 133, 185, 190, 197, 214, 236 utopianism, 25
values, xii
variation, laws of, 17, 262 n98.2
vera causa, 105, 113
Veblen, T., 203
Versalius, Andreas, 81
Victoria, Queen of England, 1
Victorian periodicals, 126-63
Victorian studies, 79, 129, 132, 134
Vietnam War, 212
Vorzimmer, P., 113
Waddell, Margot, v, 163, 266 n133.2, 276 n193.1
Walker, D. P., 176
Wallace, Alfred R., 2, 4, 14, 18, 20, 24, 43, 48, 51, 72, 74, 77, 79, 86, 100, 106, 111, 113, 118, 119, 132, 150, 151, 156, 169, 181, 183, 184, 187, 198, 200, 220, 223, 254 n44.2, 255 n48.2
My Life, 45
The Wonderful Century, 19, 48
and Malthus, 44-8
Wallace, Robert, 26
Ward, A., 133, 152, 153
Watkinson, A. R. K., 255 n48.2
Watson, J., 53, 54
Weber, Max, 165, 173, 196, 219, 226, 228, 230
Webster, Charles, 175, 273 n176.1
wedges (see also Malthus, Thomas R.), 41, 42
Weissmann, A., 119
Wells, H. G., 157
Werskey, P. G., 204, 271 n165.1
Westminster Abbey, 15, 149
Westminster Review, 50, 61, 111, 115, 133, 154, 192, 193
Whewell, William, 10, 76, 77, 132, 135, 136-46, 149, 156, 169, 198
Whitehead, A. N., 159, 163, 173, 243
Wilberforce, Samuel, 7, 8, 11, 99, 147, 198, 235
"will-force," 77
Williams, Raymond, 178, 209-15, 238, 276 n197.2
Williams, William A., 178
Wilson, Leonard, 182, 199
Wisdom, J., 173
witch-hunting (McCarthyism), 230
Wittgenstein, L., 173
Wolff, M., 267 n146.2
Worden, M. A., 267 n 146.2
X Club, 185,271 n159.1
Yates, Frances, 176, 177
York, 6, 155
Young, G. M., 274 n186.2
Young, R. M., 177
Yoxen, Edward, 163
Yule, J. D., 162